Regulations
- Passengers: 3 takeoffs and landings in 90 days; flight review every 24 calendar months
- Third-class medical: 60 months under 40, 24 months at 40+
- 8 hours bottle to throttle, BAC < 0.04; annual every 12 calendar months
Weather
- Ceiling = lowest BKN or OVC layer (AGL); TAF covers 5 SM radius
- Thunderstorms: cumulus (updrafts), mature (both), dissipating (downdrafts)
- Standard lapse rate ≈ 2°C per 1,000 ft; small temp/dewpoint spread → fog
Airspace and planning
- Class B: clearance; Class C: two-way radio; Class A from 18,000 MSL
- Class D: 3 SM, 500 below / 1,000 above / 2,000 horizontal
- VFR reserve 30 min day, 45 min night; 0–179° odd thousands + 500
Performance, systems and airport
- Moment = weight × arm; 60° bank = 2 G; high density altitude = longer roll
- Vacuum failure → attitude and heading gyros; blocked static → altimeter freezes
- Flashing green on ground = cleared to taxi; steady red in flight = give way, circle
Test yourself on PAR
Reading a summary is the easy part. Take the free 10-question diagnostic to see which of these domains you actually have, then drill the rest.